Euthanasia and the Right to Die with Dignity under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution

Abstract

This article examines the constitutional and legal dimensions of euthanasia and the right to die with dignity under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. It explores the distinction between the right to die and the right to die with dignity, particularly in cases involving terminal illness and end-of-life medical treatment. The article traces the judicial development of this principle through P. Rathinam v. Union of India, Gian Kaur v. State of Punjab, Aruna Ramachandra Shanbaug v. Union of India, and Common Cause v. Union of India. It focuses on the recognition of passive euthanasia and the right to refuse life-prolonging treatment, subject to safeguards. The article also examines the balance between individual autonomy, human dignity, and the State’s duty to protect life and vulnerable persons.